In neuroscience, the critical brain hypothesis states that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions. Experimental recordings from large groups of neurons have shown bursts of activity, so-called neuronal avalanches, with sizes that follow a power law distribution. These results, and subsequent replication on a number of settings, led to the hypothesis that the collective dynamics of large neuronal networks in the brain operates close to the critical point of a phase transition.
According to this hypothesis, the activity of the brain would be continuously transitioning between two phases, one in which activity will rapidly reduce and die, and another where activity will build up and amplify over time. In criticality, the brain capacity for information processing is enhanced, so subcritical, critical and slightly supercritical branching process of thoughts could describe how human and animal minds function. wikipedia 
The critical brain hypothesis proposes that the development of certain cognitive functions in the brain is critically dependent on early experiences during sensitive periods of brain development. According to this hypothesis, the brain undergoes specific windows of opportunity during which it is particularly receptive to certain experiences, and the absence of those experiences during those critical periods can lead to permanent deficits in the affected cognitive functions. For example, the critical period for visual development occurs during the first few years of life, and the absence of visual stimulation during this time can lead to permanent visual impairments, even if visual input is later restored. The critical brain hypothesis has been supported by research in various fields, including neuroscience, developmental psychology, and education. It highlights the importance of early intervention and enrichment programs for children, particularly those who may be at risk for cognitive deficits due to social or environmental factors.
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